8,651 research outputs found
The Decline in the Uninsured in 2007: Why Did It Happen and Can It Last?
Examines 2004-07 trends in the number of non-elderly uninsured, the drop in 2007, employer and public coverage rates, and the causes of the rise in public coverage, most likely temporary. Provides data by income, region, age, and other demographics
How Courts Adjudicate Patent Definiteness and Disclosure
Section 112 of the Patent Act requires patentees to clearly explain what their invention is (a requirement known as claim definiteness), as well as how to make and use it (the disclosure requirements of enablement and written description). Many concerns about the modern patent system stem from these requirements. But despite the critical importance of § 112 to the functioning of the patent system, there is surprisingly little empirical data about how it has been applied in practice. To remedy the reliance on anecdotes, we have created a hand-coded dataset of 1144 reported court decisions from 1982 to 2012 in which U.S. district courts or the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit rendered a decision on the enablement, written-description, or claim-definiteness requirements of § 112. We coded validity outcomes under these three doctrines on a novel five-level scale so as to capture significant subtlety in the strength of each decision, and we also classified patents by technology and industry categories. We also coded for a number of litigation characteristics that could arguably influence outcomes. Although one must be cautious about generalizing from reported decisions due to selection effects, our results show some statistically significant disparities in § 112 outcomes for different technologies and industries—although fewer than the conventional wisdom suggests, and not always in the direction that many have believed. Just as importantly, our analysis reveals significant relationships between other variables and § 112 litigation outcomes, including whether a district court or the Federal Circuit made the last decision in a case, whether a patent claim was drafted in means-plus-function format, and whether a case was decided before or after Markman v. Westview Instruments. Our results showing how § 112 has been applied in practice will be helpful in evaluating current proposals for reform, and our rich dataset will enable more systematic studies of these critical doctrines in the future
Weyl images of Kantor pairs
Kantor pairs arise naturally in the study of 5-graded Lie algebras. In this
article, we begin the study of simple Kantor pairs of arbitrary dimension. We
introduce Weyl images of Kantor pairs and use them to construct examples of
Kantor pairs including a new class of central simple Kantor pairs.Comment: 43 pages. In the last section of this new version, the assumption
that the ring of scalars is a field is dropped. This allows the construction
of many forms of split Kantor pairs of type over rings. To facilitate
this change, some small revisions are made in earlier sections. To be
published in the Canadian Journal of Mathematic
SMALL FARM POLYPERIOD PLANNING MODEL FOR DEVELOPING ECONOMIES
Farm Management,
The Orion Fingers: Near-IR Adaptive Optics Imaging of an Explosive Protostellar Outflow
Aims. Adaptive optics images are used to test the hypothesis that the
explosive BN/KL outflow from the Orion OMC1 cloud core was powered by the
dynamical decay of a non-hierarchical system of massive stars. Methods.
Narrow-band H2, [Fe II], and broad-band Ks obtained with the Gemini South
multi-conjugate adaptive optics (AO) system GeMS and near-infrared imager GSAOI
are presented. The images reach resolutions of 0.08 to 0.10", close to the
0.07" diffraction limit of the 8-meter telescope at 2.12 microns. Comparison
with previous AO-assisted observations of sub-fields and other ground-based
observations enable measurements of proper motions and the investigation of
morphological changes in H2 and [Fe II] features with unprecedented precision.
The images are compared with numerical simulations of compact, high-density
clumps moving ~1000 times their own diameter through a lower density medium at
Mach 1000. Results. Several sub-arcsecond H2 features and many [Fe II]
'fingertips' on the projected outskirts of the flow show proper motions of ~300
km/s. High-velocity, sub-arcsecond H2 knots ('bullets') are seen as far as 140"
from their suspected ejection site. If these knots propagated through the dense
Orion A cloud, their survival sets a lower bound on their densities of order
10^7 cm^-3, consistent with an origin within a few au of a massive star and
accelerated by a final multi-body dynamic encounter that ejected the BN object
and radio source I from OMC1 about 500 years ago. Conclusions. Over 120
high-velocity bow-shocks propagating in nearly all directions from the OMC1
cloud core provide evidence for an explosive origin for the BN/KL outflow
triggered by the dynamic decay of a non-hierarchical system of massive stars.
Such events may be linked to the origin of runaway, massive stars.Comment: Accepted to A&A. 25 pages, 18 figures. Figure 1
(http://goo.gl/whAz3m) is particularly colorful. The FITS images will be made
available from CDS. Resubmission fixed broken bibliograph
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